kasai从后缀数组构造LCP数组的算法

2021年3月9日15:43:16 发表评论 1,325 次浏览

背景

后缀数组:

后缀数组是给定字符串的所有后缀的排序数组。

让给定的字符串为" banana"。

0 banana                          5 a
1 anana     Sort the Suffixes     3 ana
2 nana      ---------------->     1 anana  
3 ana        alphabetically       0 banana  
4 na                              4 na   
5 a                               2 nana

" banana"的后缀数组:

后缀[] = {5, 3, 1, 0, 4, 2}

我们已经讨论过后缀数组及其O(nLogn)构造.

构建后缀数组后, 我们可以使用它来有效地搜索文本中的模式。例如, 我们可以使用Binary Search查找模式(讨论了相同的完整代码这里)

LCP阵列

讨论了基于二进制搜索的解决方案

这里

花费O(m * Logn)时间, 其中m是要搜索的模式的长度, n是文本的长度。借助LCP阵列, 我们可以搜索O(m + Log n)时间中的模式。例如, 如果我们的任务是在"香蕉"中搜索" ana", 则m = 3, n = 5。

LCP数组是大小为n的数组(如后缀数组)。值lcp [i]表示后缀[i]和后缀[i + 1]互不相同的后缀的最长公共前缀的长度。后缀[n-1]未定义, 因为其后没有后缀。

txt[0..n-1] = "banana"
suffix[]  = {5, 3, 1, 0, 4, 2| 
lcp[]     = {1, 3, 0, 0, 2, 0}

Suffixes represented by suffix array in order are:
{"a", "ana", "anana", "banana", "na", "nana"}


lcp[0] = Longest Common Prefix of "a" and "ana"     = 1
lcp[1] = Longest Common Prefix of "ana" and "anana" = 3
lcp[2] = Longest Common Prefix of "anana" and "banana" = 0
lcp[3] = Longest Common Prefix of "banana" and "na" = 0
lcp[4] = Longest Common Prefix of "na" and "nana" = 2
lcp[5] = Longest Common Prefix of "nana" and None = 0

如何构造LCP阵列?

LCP阵列的构建有两种方式:

1)计算LCP数组作为后缀数组的副产品(Manber和Myers算法)

2)使用已经构造的后缀数组以计算LCP值。 (Kasai算法)。

有一些算法可以在O(n)时间内构造后缀数组, 因此我们总是可以在O(n)时间内构造LCP数组。但是在下面的实现中, 将讨论O(n Log n)算法。

kasai的算法

本文讨论了kasai的算法。该算法根据后缀数组和O(n)时间的输入文本构造LCP数组。这个想法基于以下事实:

令以txt [i [开头的后缀lcp为k。如果k大于0, 则从txt [i + 1]开始的后缀的lcp至少为k-1。原因是, 字符的相对顺序保持不变。如果我们从两个后缀中删除第一个字符, 我们知道至少将匹配k个字符。例如, 对于子字符串" ana", lcp为3, 因此对于字符串" na", lcp至少为2。这个为证明。

以下是Kasai算法的C ++实现。

// C++ program for building LCP array for given text
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
  
// Structure to store information of a suffix
struct suffix
{
     int index;  // To store original index
     int rank[2]; // To store ranks and next rank pair
};
  
// A comparison function used by sort() to compare two suffixes
// Compares two pairs, returns 1 if first pair is smaller
int cmp( struct suffix a, struct suffix b)
{
     return (a.rank[0] == b.rank[0])? (a.rank[1] < b.rank[1] ?1: 0):
            (a.rank[0] < b.rank[0] ?1: 0);
}
  
// This is the main function that takes a string 'txt' of size n as an
// argument, builds and return the suffix array for the given string
vector< int > buildSuffixArray(string txt, int n)
{
     // A structure to store suffixes and their indexes
     struct suffix suffixes[n];
  
     // Store suffixes and their indexes in an array of structures.
     // The structure is needed to sort the suffixes alphabatically
     // and maintain their old indexes while sorting
     for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++)
     {
         suffixes[i].index = i;
         suffixes[i].rank[0] = txt[i] - 'a' ;
         suffixes[i].rank[1] = ((i+1) < n)? (txt[i + 1] - 'a' ): -1;
     }
  
     // Sort the suffixes using the comparison function
     // defined above.
     sort(suffixes, suffixes+n, cmp);
  
     // At his point, all suffixes are sorted according to first
     // 2 characters.  Let us sort suffixes according to first 4
     // characters, then first 8 and so on
     int ind[n];  // This array is needed to get the index in suffixes[]
     // from original index.  This mapping is needed to get
     // next suffix.
     for ( int k = 4; k < 2*n; k = k*2)
     {
         // Assigning rank and index values to first suffix
         int rank = 0;
         int prev_rank = suffixes[0].rank[0];
         suffixes[0].rank[0] = rank;
         ind[suffixes[0].index] = 0;
  
         // Assigning rank to suffixes
         for ( int i = 1; i < n; i++)
         {
             // If first rank and next ranks are same as that of previous
             // suffix in array, assign the same new rank to this suffix
             if (suffixes[i].rank[0] == prev_rank &&
                     suffixes[i].rank[1] == suffixes[i-1].rank[1])
             {
                 prev_rank = suffixes[i].rank[0];
                 suffixes[i].rank[0] = rank;
             }
             else // Otherwise increment rank and assign
             {
                 prev_rank = suffixes[i].rank[0];
                 suffixes[i].rank[0] = ++rank;
             }
             ind[suffixes[i].index] = i;
         }
  
         // Assign next rank to every suffix
         for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++)
         {
             int nextindex = suffixes[i].index + k/2;
             suffixes[i].rank[1] = (nextindex < n)?
                                   suffixes[ind[nextindex]].rank[0]: -1;
         }
  
         // Sort the suffixes according to first k characters
         sort(suffixes, suffixes+n, cmp);
     }
  
     // Store indexes of all sorted suffixes in the suffix array
     vector< int >suffixArr;
     for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++)
         suffixArr.push_back(suffixes[i].index);
  
     // Return the suffix array
     return  suffixArr;
}
  
/* To construct and return LCP */
vector< int > kasai(string txt, vector< int > suffixArr)
{
     int n = suffixArr.size();
  
     // To store LCP array
     vector< int > lcp(n, 0);
  
     // An auxiliary array to store inverse of suffix array
     // elements. For example if suffixArr[0] is 5, the
     // invSuff[5] would store 0.  This is used to get next
     // suffix string from suffix array.
     vector< int > invSuff(n, 0);
  
     // Fill values in invSuff[]
     for ( int i=0; i < n; i++)
         invSuff[suffixArr[i]] = i;
  
     // Initialize length of previous LCP
     int k = 0;
  
     // Process all suffixes one by one starting from
     // first suffix in txt[]
     for ( int i=0; i<n; i++)
     {
         /* If the current suffix is at n-1, then we don’t
            have next substring to consider. So lcp is not
            defined for this substring, we put zero. */
         if (invSuff[i] == n-1)
         {
             k = 0;
             continue ;
         }
  
         /* j contains index of the next substring to
            be considered  to compare with the present
            substring, i.e., next string in suffix array */
         int j = suffixArr[invSuff[i]+1];
  
         // Directly start matching from k'th index as
         // at-least k-1 characters will match
         while (i+k<n && j+k<n && txt[i+k]==txt[j+k])
             k++;
  
         lcp[invSuff[i]] = k; // lcp for the present suffix.
  
         // Deleting the starting character from the string.
         if (k>0)
             k--;
     }
  
     // return the constructed lcp array
     return lcp;
}
  
// Utility function to print an array
void printArr(vector< int >arr, int n)
{
     for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++)
         cout << arr[i] << " " ;
     cout << endl;
}
  
// Driver program
int main()
{
     string str = "banana" ;
  
     vector< int >suffixArr = buildSuffixArray(str, str.length());
     int n = suffixArr.size();
  
     cout << "Suffix Array : \n" ;
     printArr(suffixArr, n);
  
     vector< int >lcp = kasai(str, suffixArr);
  
     cout << "\nLCP Array : \n" ;
     printArr(lcp, n);
     return 0;
}

输出如下:

Suffix Array : 
5 3 1 0 4 2 

LCP Array : 
1 3 0 0 2 0

插图:

txt[]     = "banana", suffix[]  = {5, 3, 1, 0, 4, 2| 

Suffix array represents
{"a", "ana", "anana", "banana", "na", "nana"}

Inverse Suffix Array would be 
invSuff[] = {3, 2, 5, 1, 4, 0}

LCP值按以下顺序评估

我们首先计算文本中第一个后缀的LCP, 即"香蕉"。我们需要后缀数组中的下一个后缀来计算LCP(请记住, lcp [i]被定义为后缀[i]和后缀[i + 1]的最长公共前缀)。要在suffixArr []中找到下一个后缀, 我们使用SuffInv []。下一个后缀是" na"。由于" banana"和" na"之间没有通用前缀, 因此" banana"的LCP值为0, 并且在后缀数组中位于索引3, 因此我们填充lcp [3]为0。

接下来, 我们计算第二个后缀的LCP安娜娜"。后缀数组中" anana"的下一个后缀是" banana"。由于没有公共前缀, 因此" anana"的LCP的值为0, 并且在后缀数组的索引2处, 因此我们填充lcp [2]为0。

接下来, 我们计算第三个后缀的LCP娜娜"。由于没有下一个后缀, 因此未定义" nana"的LCP值。我们填写lcp [5]为0。

文本中的下一个后缀是" ana"。下一个后缀"安娜后缀数组中的""是" anana"。由于存在长度为3的公共前缀, 因此" ana"的LCP值为3。我们填充lcp [1]如3。

现在, 我们在文本中的下一个后缀lcpna"。这是Kasai算法使用的技巧, 因为先前的LCP值为3, 所以LCP值必须至少为2。由于" na"后没有字符, 因此LCP的最终值为2。lcp [4]如2。

文字的下一个后缀是"一种"。 LCP值必须至少为1, 因为先前的值为2。由于在" a"之后没有字符, 因此LCP的最终值为1。lcp [0]如1。

我们很快将在LCP阵列的帮助下讨论搜索的实现, 以及LCP阵列如何帮助将时间复杂度降低到O(m + Log n)。

参考文献:

http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs97si/suffix-array.pdf

http://www.mi.fu-berlin.de/wiki/pub/ABI/RnaSeqP4/suffix-array.pdf

http://codeforces.com/blog/entry/12796

本文作者:Prakhar Agrawal。如果发现任何不正确的地方, 或者想分享有关上述主题的更多信息, 请发表评论。

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